Fat suppressant

ABSTRACT

A composition is provided for suppressing formation of fat in animals comprising a blend of animal feed and polyterpenes of formula (C 10  H 16 ) n , where n is an integer from 2 to 4. The polyterpenes may be generated in situ by the reaction of citrus essential oils with pharmaceutically acceptable acid or by direct synthesis. A method for suppressing body fat in both animals and humans is also disclosed comprising feeding or ingesting, respectively, polyterpenes prepared either by direct polymerization of neat terpenes or by the aforementioned in situ reaction.

This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 642,376 filed Aug. 20,1984, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,465,099 which is a continuation-in-part ofcopending application Ser. No. 392,728 filed June 28, 1982, nowabandoned.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a method and compositions for suppressing fatformation in animals and humans.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In the field of animal husbandry, it has long been considered desirableto produce edible animals with lower intracellular and intramuscular fatdeposits without causing concommitant deleterious effects such as poorfeed conversion or weight loss. Accordingly, much research has beencarried out to develop lipolytic agents, i.e. materials that suppressfat formations in the animal.

Several patents report success in reducing the lipid content of thecirculatory system. However, blood lipid suppressants reported thereinwere not shown to reduce body fat deposits. Moreover, these compoundsexhibit toxicity at relatively low levels, thereby limiting theireffective dosage.

Still other patents have claimed growth promotors. They increase theamount of meat produced per unit of feed stuff fed to an animal, abovethe standard food conversion rates. While growth promoters increase theamount of meat, they also increase fat.

An object of the invention is to provide a non-toxic composition usefulin preventing fat formation in animals and humans.

It is a further object of the invention to provide an improved foodstuffor feed for animals which promotes growth without undesirable formationof fat.

It is another object of the invention to provide a method of raisinganimals with lower body fat content.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A fat suppressant composition is provided comprising:

(a) an animal feed; and

(b) from about 0.1 to 5%, by weight of feed, of polyterpene having theformula (C₁₀ H₁₆)_(n), where n is an integer from 2 to 4.

Furthermore, a process is disclosed for the preparation of fatsuppressant polyterpene having the formula (C₁₀ H₁₆)_(n), where n is aninteger from 2 to 4, comprising:

(i) blending together:

(a) at least one citrus essential oil;

(b) at least one pharmaceutically acceptable acid; and

(c) an inert carrier; wherein the ratio of citrus essential oil topharmaceutically acceptable acid ranges from about 1:10 to 10:1; and

(ii) storing the blend at about ambient temperature for at least threeweeks until completion of reaction, as evidenced by the occurrence andsubsidence of an exotherm.

A method is also provided for suppressing the formation of fat inanimals or humans comprising feeding the animals or humans with acomposition comprising polyterpenes having the formula (C₁₀ H₁₆)_(n),where n is an integer from 2 to 4, in an amount effective to suppressfat formation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

It has been found that polyterpenes of the formula (C₁₀ H₁₆)_(n), wheren is an integer from 2 to 4, are effective non-toxic agents forsuppressing the formation of fat in animals and human beings, and asgrowth promoters.

Monoterpenes, from which the polyterpenes are prepared, are foundabundantly in nature. Essential oils are a major source of monoterpenes.These oils include pine oil, citrus limonene, Japanese-mint oil, camphoroil, citronella, and lemongrass oils. Many of these essential oils areapproved for human consumption. A majority of monoterpenes containedtherein have GRAS status (i.e., generally recognized as safe). They canbe used in both animal and human nutrition.

The diterpenes, triterpenes, quatriterpenes and mixtures thereof usedherein as fat suppressants are obtained by polymerization ofmonoterpenes. Various catalytic agents have been identified in theliterature as effective polymerization aids. Aluminum trichloride ismentioned as a catalyst in the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition,Vol. 19, p. 834. Also disclosed therein is the possibility of achievingthese compounds by pyrolytic isomerization followed by polymerization.Isomerization is not limited to pyrolysis. An article by Verghese in P &E.O.R., 1967, p. 868, describes the rearrangement of p-menthadienes inthe presence of Japanese acid clay, Floridin, silica gel, Florex-S andvarious acids.

Carter et al. report in the J. Soc. Chem. Ind. Trans., Vol. XLIV, p.543, (1925), that diterpenes may be prepared from the reaction ofdifferent monoterpenes with phosphoric acid. Swann discloses in the J.Oil Color Chemist Assoc., 30, 163 (1947) that terpenes can be dimerizedto diterpenes through various treatments including:

(a) strong mineral acids, such as sulphuric acid;

(b) metallic halides, such as zinc or aluminum chlorides;

(c) acid earth clays; and

(d) severe heat treatment. The methods of Carter et al. and Swanndescribing polyterpene synthesis are herein incorporated by reference.

Polyterpenes need not, according to this invention, be derived frompolymerization of isolated monoterpenes. In an alternative embodiment,citrus essential oils are mixed with one or more pharmaceuticallyacceptable acids, optionally in the presence of a carrier, and reactedto form in situ the polyterpene fat suppressants. Isolation of theactive fat suppressant is not required.

Reaction between the citrus essential oils and acids will occur if thecomposition is allowed to stand at ambient temperature, about 60° F. toabout 90° F., for a period of at least two months. An exothermic heatrelease provides indication that the reaction has begun and active fatsuppressant polyterpenes formed.

Citrus essential oils useful herein include the essential oils fromcitrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, mandarins, tangerines,grapefruits, limes, satsumas, bergamotes, or any of their hybrids. Theseoils may be obtained from fruits by any methods known in the artincluding distillation, solvent extraction or cold pressing. Theseessential oils may be used neat, in form of solutions, or coated ontoinert carrier materials.

Pharmaceutically acceptable acids which may be used to react with theessential oils are any acids known in the art, especially those on theGRAS list. These include acetic, citric, lactic, malic, phosphoric,succinic, and tartaric acids. Preferable are the acetic, citric andphosphoric acids.

Relative amounts of citrus essential oils to pharmaceutically acceptableacids range from about 1:10 to about 10:1.

Optionally, the citrus essential oil-pharmaceutically acceptable acidcomposition may also comprise at least one inert carrier. The inertcarriers may be selected from the group consisting of solid carriers,such as silica gels, alkali and alkaline earth carbonates and sulphates,and solvents, such as propylene or ethylene glycol, ethanol, glycerol,and water. Where the solvent is water, a surface active agent will berequired for emulsifying the polyterpene.

A wide variety of edible surface active agents may be employed.Especially preferred are the nonionics, examples of which are:

(i) polyoxyethylene derivatives of sorbitan mono-, di-, and tri-fattyacid esters wherein the fatty acid component has between 12 and 24carbon atoms. The preferred polyoxyethylene derivatives are of sorbitanmonolaurate, sorbitan trilaurate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitantripalmitate, sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan monoisostearate, sorbitantristearate, sorbitan monooleate and sorbitan trioleate. Thepolyoxyethylene chains may contain between about 4 and 30 ethylene oxideunits, preferably about 20. The sorbitan ester derivatives contain 1, 2or 3 polyoxyethylene chains dependent upon whether they are mono-, di-or tri-acid esters.

Especially preferred commercial embodiments of this type of emulsifierare Polyoxyethylene 20 Sorbitan Trioleate, Polyoxyethylene 20 SorbitanMonooleate, Polyoxyethylene 20 Sorbitan Tristearate, Polyoxyethylene 20Sorbitan Monostearate, Polyoxyethylene 20 Sorbitan Monopalmitate andPolyoxyethylene 20 Sorbitan Monolaurate. These surfactants are availablefrom ICI Americas, Inc., under the trademark "Tween 85", "Tween 80","Tween 65", "Tween 60", "Tween 40" and "Tween 20", respectively.Alternatively, these same emulsifiers are available in Europe fromGattefoss, Ets under the trademark "Polysorbate".

(ii) polyoxyethylene derivatives of fatty alcohols wherein the fattyalcohol component has between 12 and 24 carbon atoms. Thepolyoxyethylene chains may contain between about 4 and 30 ethylene oxideunits, preferably about 20.

(iii) polyoxyethylene derivatives of fatty acids wherein the fatty acidcomponent has between 12 and 24 carbon atoms. The polyoxyethylene chainsmay contain between about 4 and 50 ethylene oxide units, preferablyabout 40.

(iv) polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block polymers. These are derivedfrom condensates of ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic base formed bycondensing propylene oxide with propylene glycol. Commercial examples ofthis type of surfactant are the "Pluronics", a trademark ofBASF-Wyandotte Corporation.

Carriers, either solid or liquid, may be present in amounts from about10:1 to about 1:10 parts relative to the citrus essentialoil--pharmaceutically acceptable acid mixture, all quantities being inparts by weight.

Fat suppressant compositions for animals are prepared by combining thepolyterpenes of this invention with suitable animal feeds. Animal feedscan vary widely in their constituents. Nutrient availability in aparticular geographical location is an important determinant. Evenwithin the confines of the same farm, the necessary feed formula mayvary dependent upon such items as the particular period in life and ageof the livestock. Generally, animal feeds comprise cereal grains,usually supplemented with animal or vegetable protein concentrates whichmeet the total protein and essential aminoacid requirements of theanimals. Cereal grains may include unmixed or mixed seed, whole orprocessed directly from the entire seed. Seed types include groundwheat, corn, cereal, grass, soybean meal, oats and similar grains, andmixtures thereof. Unground hay, straw, stover, silage, cobs, husks andhulls are also frequently included in the feeds. Inorganic supplementssuch as ground limestone, bonemeal, dicalcium phosphate, or salt arefrequently included. Nutrient additives may also be combined in thesecompositions, examples of which may include the vitamins, riboflavin,niacin, pantothenic acids, choline, folic acid, and a variety of traceelements such as manganese, zinc and iodine. Among these supplementalaminoacids are included arginine, glycine, methionine, cystine, lysine,tryptophane, threonine, histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine,isoleucine and valine. Antibiotics such as terramycin and aureomycin areusually included in the feed. Anti-spoilage agents such as butylatedhydroxytoluene may also be found therein. Manufacturers of animal feedsinclude the Ralston Purina Company and the Cargill Corporation.

The fat suppressant agents described in this invention may be feddirectly to animals or incorporated into an animal feed, the lattermethod being preferred. When incorporated into the feed, polyterpenewill be present from about 0.1 to about 5% of the total animal feedcomposition. Preferably, the polyterpene concentration ranges from about0.2% to about 2%. Dosage levels will vary depending upon the amount ofactives within the polyterpene composition.

Polyterpene may be added to the animal feed in an edible liquid carrieror plaited onto an edible solid carrier. The ratio of polyterpene tocarrier may range from about 1:10 to 10:1, preferably from 1:5 to 5:1.Suitable carriers include silica gel, alkali and alkaline earth metalcarbonates and sulphates, and clays such as the bentonites. Liquidcarriers for the polyterpene include any food grade solvents, such asethylene glycol, propylene glycol, ethanol, glycerol, polyglyceridesyrups, water and mixtures thereof. Surfactants must be blended alongwith the solvent when the latter is water to achieve a homogeneousdispersion. Nonionic surface active agents are particularly suitable,many of which have been described above.

In a further embodiment of this invention, a method is provided forraising meatier animals of normal weight, liver weight and liver color,but having lower body fat content. Fowl, cattle and pigs are typical ofthe animals within the scope of this invention. The fat suppressantmethod is particularly directed at chickens.

The method for suppressing body fat comprises the step of feeding theaforementioned animals with isolated polyterpenes or polyterpenes formedin situ from the reaction of citrus essential oils with pharmaceuticallyacceptable acids.

Humans may also benefit from ingesting polyterpenes. These polyterpenescan reduce body fat relative to the amount normally generated per weightfood eaten.

The following examples will more fully illustrate the embodiments ofthis invention. However, these examples are not meant to limit the scopeof the present invention which is defined by the appended claims. Allparts, percentages and proportions referred to herein and in theappended claims are by weight unless otherwise specified.

EXAMPLE 1 Synthesis of Polyterpenes

A reactor equipped with reflux condenser and stirrer was charged withthree kilograms of Florida orange essential oil and three kilograms offood grade phosphoric acid (80% purity). The reactants were heated to120° C., with stirring, for a period of 8 hours. At the end of thisperiod, two layers, one aqueous the other organic, were noted in thereactor. The layers were separated; then the organic layer was washedthree times with an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution. Organicand aqueous salt solution layers were separated. Infrared and massspectral analysis of the washed organic layer indicated diterpene as amajor constituent. A mass spectral parent peak at 272 molecular weightconfirmed the diterpene structure. Various other polyterpeneconstituents were identified by gas liquid chromatography as beingpresent in the organic layer extract.

EXAMPLE 2

A blend of polyterpenes obtained by the method described in Example 1was absorbed onto silica aerogel, the ratio polyterpene to silica being3:2. This composition was incorporated at 0.4% into the regular feed ofbroilers. These chickens, of the Arbor Acres strain, were kept in anexperimental farm with 100% light and ventilation control. During thefirst week, light was kept on for 24 hours per day. Gradually, the lightwas intermittently turned off. Three weeks prior to slaughter, the lightwas on for only 12 hours per day. Regular commercial chicken feedstuffwas supplied to the birds ad-libitum. During the experiment, feedintake, live weight and food conversion rate were all monitored. As soonas slaughter was completed, the following measurements were taken:abdominal fat pads, fat infiltration in liver, quality of skin andamount of pigmentation, both on skin and on tarsus. There were nonoticeable differences in plumage quality or pigmentation level betweenthe group fed polyterpene fat suppressant and the control animals.Results are described in Example 3 below.

In these experiments, it was established that fat pads produced in bothcontrol and experimental animals were more or less similar. However, thelarger the bird, the more the improvement in percentage fat relative tothe whole animal's weight.

EXAMPLE 3

In Experiment 2, the polyterpene mixture was supplied to the birds at a0.4% concentration during the last 28 days of the birds' life.Experiment 3 illustrates the effect of feeding the Experiment 2polyterpene mixture to the birds from their tenth day of existenceonward. In a further variation, identified as Experiment 4, the samepolyterpenes were given to the birds at a concentration of 0.5% perweight of feed. The latter dose covered the whole life of the bird.Results are recorded in Table I.

                  TABLE I                                                         ______________________________________                                                                         % Abdominal Fat                                      Carcass Weight                                                                            Feed Conversion                                                                            Pads to Carcass                              Experiment                                                                            (Kg)        Rate         Weight                                       ______________________________________                                        Control 2.133       2.265        3.01                                         2       2.105       2.230        3.03                                         3       2.186       2.191        2.78                                         4       2.213       2.131        2.52                                         ______________________________________                                    

From the data tabulated above, it can be concluded that the fatsuppressant polyterpene mixture may be fed to the bird during its entirelife. Furthermore, the fat suppressant increases in effectiveness whenits presence is increased from 0.4 to 0.5% of feed.

EXAMPLE 4

Taste panels were used to determine differences in the meat of thechickens. Eight of the ten panelists found that the control chicken wasfattier than that fed with the additive in Experiment 3. Seven out often panelists found that the Experiment 3 chickens were best in flavorand texture. Only three of the panelists preferred the chickens fed withthe control feedstuff.

EXAMPLE 5

The following example illustrates the process for preparing polyterpenesby the in situ method. Fat suppressant effectiveness of thesecompositions is also detailed.

A polyterpene generating composition was prepared by blending together:

    ______________________________________                                                      Parts by Weiqht                                                 ______________________________________                                        lemon essential oil                                                                           10                                                            orange essential oil                                                                          15                                                            citric acid     20                                                            silica aerogel  55                                                            ______________________________________                                    

After blending, the above composition was allowed to stand at ambienttemperature for a period of 2-3 months. During that period of time, areaction occurred evidenced by the exothermic generation of heatreaching temperatures of 150° F.

The aforementioned polyterpene composition was then mixed with variousquantities of commercial broiler feed to provide feeds of varyingpolyterpene composition content. For instance, a feed containing 0.6% ofthe above polyterpene composition was prepared by blending 13.33 partsof polyterpene composition with 986.67 parts commercial feed.

Newborn chickens numbering 3,000 were divided into sets of 500. Each wasfed the improved feed or control feed together with water, ad libitum,from the 10th to the 56th day, at which time they were slaughtered.

The following results were obtained:

                  TABLE II                                                        ______________________________________                                        % Polyterpene                                                                 Composition in                                                                Feed       0       0.2    0.4   0.6  0.8   1.0                                ______________________________________                                        average weight                                                                           2.226   2.193  2.257 2.240                                                                              2.181 2.251                              of the birds (kg)                                                             feed conversion                                                                          2.088   2.091  2.045 2.105                                                                              2.140 2.080                              rate (1)                                                                      % fat pads (2)                                                                           2.49    2.10   2.38  2.07 1.94  1.88                               % w/w liver to                                                                           2.30    2.28   2.25  2.37 2.52  2.50                               animal (3)                                                                    liver colour                                                                             2.50    2.08   2.25  2.67 2.75  2.67                               ______________________________________                                         Thus, it is seen that while the average weight of the broilers and their      feed conversion rate and liver color remained normal, the weight of           liver/weight of animal increased while the fat content (measured by the %     fat pads) decreased with increasing dosage of the polyterpene composition     Footnotes:                                                                    (1) The feed conversion rate is defined as the amount of feed in parts by     weight which must be consumed in order to yield one part by weight of         living bird at the time of slaughter.                                         (2) The fat pads are defined as the fat clearly identifiable and not          randomly deposited in the abdominal cavities of the animals. The % w fat      pads is determined from the weights of the fat pads and the animal            carcass.                                                                      (3) The % w/w liver/animal is calculated as follows:                          ##STR1##                                                                 

Thus, it is seen that while the average weight of the broilers and theirfeed conversion rate and liver color remained normal, the weight ofliver/weight of animal increased while the fat content (measured by the%fat pads) decreased with increasing dosage of the polyterpenecomposition.

EXAMPLE 6

In a taste test, nineteen persons consumed two half chickens--one halffrom the control set and the other half from the chickens which were fedthe feed containing 0.8% polyterpene composition of Example 5. Thefollowing results were obtained:

    ______________________________________                                        Number of Persons - Opinions                                                              Meat Fattier                                                                           Preferred                                                ______________________________________                                        Control       16          7                                                   Treated        3         12                                                   ______________________________________                                    

Thus, it was seen that the treated birds were found to contain less fatand therefore also preferred for eating.

EXAMPLE 7

A polyterpene generating composition was prepared by blending together:

    ______________________________________                                                      Parts by Weight                                                 ______________________________________                                        orange essential oil                                                                          20                                                            lime essential oil                                                                             5                                                            phosphoric acid 30                                                            silica gel      45                                                            ______________________________________                                    

The above blend was stored at 65°-100° F. for an 8 week period. Anexotherm was noted during this storage period. Commercial broiler feedwas combined with the aged blend to provide an improved treated feedcontaining 0.6% of polyterpene composition (i.e. orange-lime essentialoils and phosphoric acid).

800 broilers were divided into two sets of 400 birds each. One set wasfed the control and the other set the 0.6% polyterpene treated feed. Thefollowing results were obtained:

                  TABLE III                                                       ______________________________________                                                        Control                                                                              Treated Feed                                           ______________________________________                                        average grams of weight                                                                         1492     1478                                               gained from day 31 to                                                         day 56                                                                        average grams of feed                                                                           3354     3337                                               consumption days 31                                                           to 56                                                                         feed conversion rate from                                                                       2.007    2.015                                              day 31 to day 56 (1)                                                          % of abdominal fat pads in                                                                      2.67     2.20                                               carcass (2)                                                                   ______________________________________                                         It will be seen that whereas the average weight gain, feed consumption an     feed conversion rate were constant, the abdominal fat content of the bird     fed on treated feed was about 18% less than those fed untreated feed.         Footnotes:                                                                    (1) The feed conversion rate is defined as the amount of feed in parts by     weight which must be consumed in order to yield one part by weight of         living bird at the time of slaughter.                                         (2) The fat pads are defined as the fat clearly identifiable and not          randomly deposited in the abdominal cavities of the animals. The % w fat      pads is determined from the weights of the fat pads and the animal            carcass.                                                                 

It will be seen that whereas the average weight gain, feed consumptionand feed conversion rate were constant, the abdominal fat content of thebirds fed on treated feed was about 18% less than those fed untreatedfeed.

EXAMPLE 8

Example 5 was repeated except that the polyterpene generatingcomposition was varied as follows:

    ______________________________________                                                                            Surface                                   Experi-                                                                             Oil        Acid      Carrier  Active                                    ment  (parts by  (parts by (parts by                                                                              Agent (parts                              No.   weight)    weight)   weight)  by weight)                                ______________________________________                                        1     tangerine (30)                                                                           citric (30)                                                                             solid (40)                                                                             --                                        2     orange (25)                                                                              phos-     solid (50)                                                                             --                                                         phoric (25)                                                  3     grape-     acetic (10)                                                                             water (65)                                                                             Tween ™                                      fruit (20)                    80 (5)                                    4     mandarin (40)                                                                            malic (20)                                                                              ethyl    --                                                                   alcohol (40)                                       ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 9

Example 5 was repeated with similar storage conditions except that thecompositions now comprised mixtures of

    ______________________________________                                                     Parts by Weight                                                  ______________________________________                                        Experiment 1                                                                  orange oil     25                                                             silica aerogel 75                                                             or                                                                            Experiment 2                                                                  phosphoric acid                                                                              25                                                             silica aerogel 75                                                             ______________________________________                                    

Each of the above compositions were used at the 0.4% level based ontotal feed weight. These were fed to a set of broilers. No fatsuppressing results were obtained.

While preferred embodiments of the invention have been described herein,it is obvious that additions, changes and omissions may be made in suchembodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of theinvention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A fat suppressant composition comprising(a) ananimal feed; and (b) about 0.05 to about 5%, by weight of feed, ofpolyterpene having the formula (C₁₀ H₁₆)_(n), where n is an integer from2 to
 4. 2. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the polyterpene ispresent from about 0.05 to about 2% by weight of feed.
 3. A compositionaccording to claim 1 wherein the polyterpene is delivered in an edibleliquid carrier or plaited onto an edible solid carrier.
 4. A compositionaccording to claim 3 wherein the ratio of polyterpene to carrier is 1:10to 10:1.
 5. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyterpenesare formed by contacting at least one citrus essential oil, with atleast one pharmaceutically acceptable acid at a temperature of at leastabout 60° F. for a period at least sufficient to generate an exothermicheat release, the amount of oil to acid ranging from about 1:10 to 10:1,said acid being selected from the group consisting of acetic, citric,lactic, malic, phosphoric, succinic, tartaric acids and mixturesthereof.
 6. A composition according to claim 5, wherein the citrusessential oil is selected from the group consisting of essential oilderived from oranges, lemons, mandarins, tangerines, grapefruits, limes,satsumas, bergamotes, the hybrids and issues thereof.
 7. A compositionaccording to claim 5 wherein the citrus essential oil andpharmaceutically acceptable acid composition further comprises an inertcarrier.
 8. A composition according to claim 7 wherein the inert carrieris a solid carrier or liquid solvent.
 9. A composition according toclaim 8 wherein the solid carrier is selected from the group consistingof silica aerogel, alkali or alkaline earth carbonates and sulphates,and mixtures thereof.
 10. A composition according to claim 8 wherein theinert carrier is a solvent selected from the group consisting ofethylene glycol, propylene glycol, ethanol, glycerol, water and mixturesthereof.
 11. A composition according to claim 10 further comprising anedible surface active agent where the solvent is water.
 12. Acomposition according to claim 8 wherein the inert carrier is silicaaerogel, the citrus essential oil is lemon and orange essential oils,and the acid is citric acid, in a ratio of 55:10:15:20 parts by weight.